{"id":11047,"date":"2024-04-25T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-25T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/?p=11047"},"modified":"2024-04-25T17:16:40","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T15:16:40","slug":"why-we-need-to-think-beyond-the-hype-of-the-four-day-week","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/tomorrow-choices\/why-we-need-to-think-beyond-the-hype-of-the-four-day-week\/","title":{"rendered":"The future of work: Why we need to think beyond the hype of the\u00a0four-day\u00a0week"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Is reducing working hours a sign of progress? Since the 19th century, the number of hours spent at work&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/working-more-than-ever\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">has been steadily declining in developed countries<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The four-day week emerged in the 90s as a political and economic demand for a more equal division of work. The idea was to reduce the number of hours worked so that more people could access employment. This approach, developed in 1993 by French economist Pierre Larrouturou, was tested in 1996 with the de Robien law on the organisation of working hours. In France, business leaders such as Antoine Riboud, CEO of the multinational food-products firm Danone,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sudouest.fr\/economie\/emploi\/semaine-a-quatre-jours-travailler-moins-en-gagnant-autant-le-combo-miracle-14157515.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">championed the idea<\/a>&nbsp;as a way of boosting recruitment. However, the law was repealed in the early 2000s with the labour reform that introduced the 35-hour week. Elsewhere, in Germany, Volkswagen adopted the four-day week in 1994 to save 30,000 jobs, only to abandon it in 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Covid crisis and its associated lockdowns have brought this debate back into the spotlight. <strong>The widespread adoption of working from home, the use of new technologies and the increase in flexibility have profoundly transformed the way we work.<\/strong> This period has also reinforced employees\u2019 desire for a better work-life balance. As a result,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.peoplemanagement.co.uk\/article\/1810688\/work-life-balance-becoming-important-pay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">56% of British employees<\/a>&nbsp;would accept to earn less money in exchange for more free time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Against this backdrop, the debate on the four-day week is resurfacing.<\/strong> Countries in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2022\/05\/03\/business\/four-day-working-week-japan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Asia<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2022\/nov\/02\/australian-workers-at-global-company-to-trial-four-day-week-after-success-of-new-zealand-pilot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oceania<\/a>&nbsp;are looking at ways to organise their workforces in order to reengage their employees. In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/may\/20\/jacinda-ardern-flags-four-day-working-week-as-way-to-rebuild-new-zealand-after-Covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">New Zealand<\/a>, the government introduced a four-day week at the end of the pandemic to boost productivity and improve work-life balance. In Japan, several companies have also come on board, including Hitachi and Microsoft. This measure, presented as a means of combating overwork culture, is also an opportunity to significantly improve productivity (by 40% in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2019\/11\/05\/business\/microsoft-japan-says-four-day-workweek-boosted-productivity-40\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the case of Microsoft<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Europe is following suit, starting with the countries of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/worldcrunch.com\/business-finance\/four-day-work-week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Northern Europe<\/a>, followed by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/money\/2024\/feb\/21\/four-day-week-made-permanent-for-most-uk-firms-in-worlds-biggest-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UK<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/money\/2020\/nov\/15\/time-has-come-for-four-day-week-say-european-politicians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Germany<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/mar\/15\/spain-to-launch-trial-of-four-day-working-week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spain<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/next\/2023\/07\/06\/four-day-week-portugals-the-latest-european-country-to-trial-a-shorter-workweek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Portugal<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/economy\/article\/2023\/06\/05\/the-four-day-workweek-is-gaining-ground-in-france_6029110_19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">France<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This reform can take various shapes \u2013 each of them presenting specific challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>As economist \u00c9ric Heyer&nbsp;points out: &#8220;We shouldn\u2019t confuse the \u2018four-day\u2019 week, which reduces working time, with the \u2018week in four days\u2019, which compresses it.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A four-day week or a week squeezed into four days?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The first approach is the most popular: an unchanged number of working hours, concentrated over four days.<\/strong> This is the model implemented by Belgium and the Nordic countries. In autumn 2022, Belgium passed a law on the four-day week, called the \u201cdeal for employment\u201d: employees can work four days without any reduction in salary because their weekly working time remains the same. In Italy, the Intesa Sanpaolo bank is doing the same. In France, an attempt to do so was proposed in March&nbsp;2023 to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courrier-picard.fr\/id421991\/article\/2023-06-11\/urssaf-picardie-pourquoi-la-semaine-de-4-jours-fait-un-flop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">employees of Urssaf Picardie<\/a>, but was a complete failure. The cause: parenthood. Long days no longer allow parents to take their children to and from school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>This is a new form of temporal flexibility, without any reduction in working hours.<\/strong> As economist \u00c9ric Heyer&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/economie\/social\/la-semaine-de-quatre-jours-le-mirage-du-travailler-moins-20230613_XCNQGZ3HV5DFTPSU3JOFTCLMAY\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">points out<\/a>: &#8220;We shouldn\u2019t confuse the \u2018four-day\u2019 week, which reduces working time, with the \u2018week in four days\u2019, which compresses it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The challenge, then, is to work differently so that the quality of work does not suffer as a result of intensification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Working less, working better<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The second approach is the true ideal of the four-day week, namely the 32-hour week: <strong>shorter working hours thanks to increased productivity.<\/strong> It has been implemented in Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This formula is based on the idea of maintaining work productivity by identifying and reducing unproductive time, and streamlining certain processes, notably reporting and participation in meetings. <strong>Working less, yes, but above all working better.<\/strong> It would, in fact, limit everything considered superfluous. That said, putting the organisation on a diet reduces its ability to adapt to rapid changes in its environment. For example, we now know that&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781315702001-6\/behavioral-theory-firm-richard-cyert-james-march\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cdown times\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;facilitate the exchange of information between teams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>This approach is deeply embedded in the idea that technology will compensate for any loss of productivity<\/strong>, a recurring theme since the publication of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/pinguet.free.fr\/rifkin1995.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The End of Work<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;in 1995 by American essayist Jeremy Rifkin. The arrival of generative artificial intelligence has brought the concept back to the forefront. Bill Gates even talks about the imminent arrival of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fortune.com\/2023\/11\/23\/bill-gates-microsoft-3-day-work-week-machines-make-food\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">three-day week<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the advent of the industrial world, organisations have constantly sought to optimise working time. For many years, it simply kept pace with the production line. Working time and time at work were perfectly synonymous. Today, we don\u2019t have to go to the office to work: work has moved into our personal spaces. Working time has become detached from office time. <strong>With the four-day week, the aim is to frame work in terms of time rather than space.<\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jean-jaures.org\/publication\/la-semaine-de-quatre-jours-un-nouveau-symptome-de-lindividualisation-du-travail\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sarah Proust<\/a>, an expert associated with the Fondation Jean-Jaur\u00e8s, explains: \u201cWhat is at issue here is the organisation and distribution of work, rather the place we intend to give to work in society.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>As we live longer than ever, and as work occupies less time in our lives, we need to imagine not a new way of working, but a new way of living.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Toward a new work paradigm?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of focusing on the volume of hours, shouldn\u2019t we be talking about the very nature of work? In the words of economist&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RkEYYNCj-ws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timoth\u00e9e Parrique<\/a>, <strong>we need to stop predicting the future of work with ideas like the four-day week and start inventing the work of the future.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A growing body of research, notably in the wake of anthropologist David Graeber, is highlighting the loss of meaning at work, the rise of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.editionslesliensquiliberent.fr\/livre-Bullshit_Jobs-546-1-1-0-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cbullshit jobs\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;and the \u201crevolt of the top of the class\u201d, to borrow the title of journalist&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arkhe-editions.com\/livre\/cassely-revolte-premier-classe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jean-Laurent Cassely\u2019s<\/a>&nbsp;book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, reorganising working hours will not be enough to reengage one\u2019s workforce. Working time is above all a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.business.com\/articles\/management-theory-of-frederick-herzberg\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201chygiene factor\u201d<\/a>, as psychologist Frederick Irving Herzberg explains. It cannot deliver the motivation so hoped for by managers. It can only temper employee dissatisfaction. <strong>As a source of personal fulfilment and satisfaction, higher-ups need to activate genuine \u201cmotivational factors\u201d, such as valuing the work accomplished, employees\u2019 autonomy, or making work tasks more interesting.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps we need to create new utopias of work along the lines of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecotopia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston<\/em><\/a>, Ernest Callenbach\u2019s book (1975) that imagined three West Coast states seceding from the USA to establish a radically ecological way of life. In it, Callenbach imagines a new model of society where people only work 22&nbsp;hours a week. This utopia depicts economies where a large proportion of the available hours are devoted to social, political, cultural and environmental activities. Ecotopia advocates personal and collective fulfilment before individual success. Businesses are self-managed, public transport is free, education and health are accessible to all, criminal violence is absent, universal income is in force and recycling, sobriety and degrowth are the rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Callenbach wanted to give us a glimpse of a world he believed to be better, not only for the environment but also for the individual balance of each person. <strong>As we live longer than ever, and as work occupies less time in our lives, we need to imagine not a new way of working, but a new way of living.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-yellow-background-color has-background is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"238\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/yaelle-amsallem2.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Ya\u00eblle Amsallem\" class=\"wp-image-11045\" srcset=\"https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/yaelle-amsallem2.jpg 238w, https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/yaelle-amsallem2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/yaelle-amsallem2-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 238px) 100vw, 238px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Ya\u00eblle Amsallem<\/strong> is a PhD candidate and Research Assistant for the Reinventing Work Chair at ESCP Business School.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/emmanuelle-leon-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Emmanuelle Le\u0301on\" class=\"wp-image-11046\" srcset=\"https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/emmanuelle-leon-1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/emmanuelle-leon-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/emmanuelle-leon-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/escp.eu\/thechoice\/wp-content\/uploads\/emmanuelle-leon-1-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Emmanuelle L\u00e9on<\/strong> is an Associate Professor of Human Resource Management and the Scientific Director of the Reinventing Work Chair at ESCP Business School.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/global\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-future-of-work-why-we-need-to-think-beyond-the-hype-of-the-four-day-week-221815\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Working better or working less? Ya\u00eblle Amsallem and Emmanuelle L\u00e9on explain how the four-day week raises questions about the meaning we give to work.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11058,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[25,49,16],"class_list":["post-11047","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tomorrow-choices","tag-future-of-work","tag-management","tag-strategy","category-14","description-off"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Why we need to think beyond the hype of the\u00a0four-day\u00a0week - The Choice by ESCP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ya\u00eblle Amsallem and Emmanuelle L\u00e9on explain how the four-day week raises questions about the meaning we give to 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